[Local relapse and single site of metastatic involvement of renal tumour. Prognostic factors and survival]. / Recidiva local y afectación metastásica única de tumor renal. Factores pronósticos y supervivencia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics and survival in patients surgically treated for renal tumours that had local recurrence or metastasis to a single site. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 321 nephrectomies, evaluating the clinical and pathological variables in patients having local recurrence or metastasis to a single site, and who were treated surgically. Study and comparison of survival in the different groups. RESULTS: The only factor found to have an independent influence on local recurrence is pathological stage. Local recurrence and the presence of metastasis to a single site have similar survival rates, both being statistically worse than in patients without metastasis at diagnosis, but better than in those having metastasis at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of local recurrence has the same prognosis as a single excisable metastatic site, the prognosis being better than those initially with metastasis subjected to nephrectomy before receiving systemic treatment.

[Pheochromocytoma with thrombus in cava]. / Feocromocitoma con trombo en cava.

Pheochromocytoma, a paraganglioma of suprarenal location, is a catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cell tumour. Spread of these tumours to the vena cava is rare and the thrombus only reaches the right atrium in exceptional cases. We present the case of a patient who, without previous symptomatology, presented with a clinical picture of multiorganic dysfunction with primary manifestation of a suprarenal tumour with vascular spread to the right atrium affecting the right suprahepatic vein.

[Evaluation and prognostic of cystic renal tumors]. / Valoración y pronóstico de los tumores renales quísticos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of cystic renal tumors in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 239 nephrectomies is performed comparing the clinical and pathological variables of cystic tumors with those of solid renal tumors. Survival outcomes are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: Our experience shows that cystic renal tumors behave like solid renal tumors, with no differences in survival shown. The variables studied show statistically significant differences in histological grade and number of tumors, with cystic tumors having a lower histological grade and being more often multiple in number. CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of cystic renal tumors is no different than that of solid renal tumors.

Recidiva local y afectación metastásica única de tumor renal. Factores pronósticos y supervivencia / Local relapse and single site of metastatic involvement of renal tumour. Prognostic factors and survival

Objetivo: Valorar las características clínicas y patológicas y la supervivencia de los tumores renales que presentaron recidiva local o metástasis única y fueron tratadas quirúrgicamente. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de 321 nefrectomías valorando las variables clínicas y patológicas de aquellos pacientes que presentaron recidiva local o metástasis única y fueron tratados quirúrgicamente. Estudio y comparación de la supervivencia en los diferentes grupos. Resultados: El único factor influyente de forma independiente en la presentación de recidivalocal es el estadio patológico. La recidiva local y la presencia de metástasis única tienen una supervivencia similar, estadísticamente peor que el resto de pacientes no metastásicos al diagnóstico, pero mejor que los pacientes con presencia de metástasis al diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La presencia de recidiva local tiene el mismo pronóstico que la progresión en forma de una única metástasis resecable, pero mejor pronóstico que los pacientes inicialmente metastásicos a los que se realiza nefrectomía previa al tratamiento sistémico (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics and survival in patients surgically treated for renal tumours that had local recurrence or metastasis to a single site. Material and Methods: A retrospective study of 321 nephrectomies, evaluating the clinical and pathological variables in patients having local recurrence or metastasis to a single site, and who were treated surgically. Study and comparison of survival in the different groups. Results: The only factor found to have an independent influence on local recurrence is pathological stage. Local recurrence and the presence of metastasis to a single site have similar survival rates, both being statistically worse than in patients without metastasis at diagnosis, but better than in those having metastasis at diagnosis. Conclusions: The presence of local recurrence has the same prognosis as a single excisable metastatic site, the prognosis being better than those initially with metastasis subjected to nephrectomy before receiving systemic treatment (AU)

Feocromocitoma con trombo en cava / Pheochromocytoma with thrombus in cava

El feocromocitoma, paraganglioma de localización suprarrenal, es un tumor cromafín secretor de catecolaminas. La extensión de éstos tumores a vena cava es rara y que el trombo alcance la aurícula derecha es excepcional. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que, sin clínica previa, presentó un cuadro de disfunción multiorgánica como primera manifestación de un tumor suprarrenal con extensión vascular hasta la aurícula derecha y afectación de la vena suprahepática derecha (AU)

Pheochromocytoma, a paraganglioma of suprarenal location, is a catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cell tumour. Spread of these tumours to the vena cava is rare and the thrombus only reaches the right atrium in exceptional cases. We present the case of a patient who, without previous symptomatology, presented with a clinical picture of multiorganic dysfunction with primary manifestation of a suprarenal tumour with vascular spread to the right atrium affecting the right suprahepatic vein (AU)

Valoración y pronóstico de los tumores renales quísticos / Valuation and prognostic of cystic renal tumors

Objetivo: Valorar las características clínicas y patológicas de los tumores renales quísticos tratados en nuestro centro. Material y métodos: Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de 239 nefrectomías comparando las variables clínico-patológicas de los tumores quísticos con los tumores renales sólidos. Se analiza la supervivencia en ambos grupos. Resultados: Los tumores renales quísticos se comportan en nuestra experiencia como los tumores renales sólidos, sin presentar diferencias en la supervivencia. Las variables estudiadas muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el grado histológico y la multiplicidad, siendo los tumores quísticos de menor grado y más frecuentemente múltiples. Conclusiones: El comportamiento de los tumores renales quísticos no es diferente al de los sólidos

Objetive: To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of cystic renal tumors in our center. Material and methods: A retrospective review of 239 nephrectomies is performed comparing the clinical and pathological variables of cystic tumors with those of solid renal tumors. Survival outcomes are analyzed in both groups. Results: Our experience shows that cystic renal tumors behave like solid renal tumors, with no differences in survival shown. The variables studied show statistically significant differences in histological grade and number of tumors, with cystic tumors having a lower histological grade and being more often multiple in number. Conclusions: The behavior of cystic renal tumors is no different than that of solid renal tumors

[Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors]. / Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparing the clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival than symptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor.

Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos / Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors

OBJETIVO: Valorar las características clínicas y patológicas de los tumores renales incidentales tratados en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de 318 nefrectomías comparando las variables clínico-patológicas de los tumores diagnosticados de forma incidental con los tumores renales sintomáticos. Se analizan los diferentes factores influyentes en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: En nuestra experiencia, aunque los tumores renales incidentales presentan una mejor supervivencia que los sintomáticos por presentar mejor estadio patológico y mejor grado tumoral,el diagnóstico incidental no se muestra como factor influyente independiente en el estudio multivariado.Solamente cuando se estudian aquellos pacientes que no presentaban metástasis al diagnóstico,el diagnóstico incidental se presenta como un factor influyente de forma muy próxima a la significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico incidental no es un factor pronóstico independiente

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparingthe clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival thansymptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor

[Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid manifested initially as asymptomatic primary renal neoplasm]. / Masa renal asintomática como primera manifestación de carcinoma folicular de tiroides.

Metastases in the kidney are rare, evenmore if primary source is thyroid. We report the tenth case of metastases in the kidney from thyroid, and it is the first to be follicular type and absolutely asymptom. Sonography and computerized tomography with suspicion of renal tumour are showed in a asymtom female 75 years old. Left partial nephrectomy was perfomed, initially it has been pathologically diagnosed as renal clear cells tumour, however the definitive pathologic report showed follicular tumour of thyroid. Local and systemic stage was discovered with complementary techniques. Sources of metastases in kidney and diagnoses techniques are discussed.

[Mutations of the androgen receptor gene in patients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate]. / Mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de próstata clínicamente localizado.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to detect mutations in the human androgen receptor gene in radical prostatectomy specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genomic sequence was realized in 67 radical prostatectomy specimens. The mean age was 64 years old. The PSA median was 15 ng/ml. TNM 1997: 34.3% were T1 and 65.7% T2. Genomic sequence: 1. Radical prostatectomy specimens desparaffitation. 2. Extraction of the DNA 3. DNA amplification. 4. Automatic genome sequence. 5. Comparison with Gene-Bank. RESULTS: 16.7% of the specimens were mutated. The most frequent mutation was the punctual mutation. The exon most frequent mutated was exon 1.

Masa renal asintomática como primera manifestación de carcinoma folicular de tiroides / Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid manifested initially asymtom primary renal neoplasm

Las metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides en riñón son raras. Presentamos el 10º caso, que conocemos publicado, de metástasis tiroidea en riñón y el primero del tipo folicular y asintomático. Se trata de una paciente de 75 años asintomática, que presenta una masa en el riñón derecho, que se decide realizar nefrectomía parcial derecha. El diagnóstico provisional habla de tumor de células claras renales pero el definitivo es de metástasis de carcinoma folicular de tiroides, descubrimos un estado avanzado de la enfermedad tanto localmente como a distancia. Las fuentes de metástasis en el riñón así como las técnicas diagnósticas son discutidas en el caso (AU)

Metastases in the kidney are rare, even more if primary source is thyroid. We report the tenth case of metastases in the kidney from thyroid, and it is the first to be follicular type and absolutely asymptom. Sonography and computerized tomography with suspicion of renal tumour are showed in a asymtom female 75 years old. Left partial nephrectomy was perfomed, initially it has been pathologically diagnosed as renal clear cells tumour, however the definitive pathologic report showed follicular tumour of thyroid. Local and systemic stage was discovered with complementary techniques. Sources of metastases in kidney and diagnoses techniques are discussed (AU)

Mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de próstata clínicamente localizado / Human Androgen receptor gene mutations in patients uit clinically localized prostate cancer

Los objetivos del presente trabajo son el estudio de las mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos, tanto su frecuencia como su localización en pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó la secuenciación genómica en 67 pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical. La edad media fue de 64 años. La mediana de PSA fue de 15 ng/ml. El 34,3% de los pacientes presentaban un estadio T1 y el 65,7% un estadio T2. Secuenciación genómica: 1. Desparafinación de las muestras. 2. Extracción del ADN genómico. 3. Amplificación del ADN. 4. Secuenciación. 5. Evaluación de la secuenciación con el GenBank. RESULTADOS: Un 16,7% de los pacientes presentaban mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos. La mutación más frecuente fue la mutación puntual. El exón más frecuentemente mutado fue el exón 1 (AU)

The aim of this study was to detect mutations in the human androgen receptor gene in radical prostatectomy specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genomic sequence was realized in 67 radical prostatectomy specimens. The mean age was 64 years old. The PSA median was 15 ng/ml. TNM 1997: 34.3% were T1and 65.7% T2. Genomic sequence: 1. Radical prostatectomy specimens desparaffitation. 2. Extraction of the DNA3. DNA amplification. 4. Automatic genome sequence. 5. Comparison with Gene-Bank. RESULTS: 16.7% of the specimens were mutated. The most frequent mutation was the punctual mutation. The exon most frecuent mutated was exon 1 (AU)

[Solitary lung metastasis after radical prostatectomy]. / Metástasis pulmonar solitaria tras prostatectomía radical.

Prostate carcinoma is diagnosed in earlier phases of its evolution, but this carcinoma may have an unpredictible evolution. Radical treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) is the best treatment in clinically localized tumors. The biochemical failure over 5 years from the surgery is 20-50% of the patients; the biochemical failure over 10 years from the surgery is less frequent because of prognostic factors from the biologic nature of the tumor. We report a case with biochemical and clinical failure over 10 years from the surgery.

Utilidad del pet en el diagnóstico y respuesta al tratamiento en un tumor germinal extragonadal de presentación atípica / Pet utility in the diagnostic and follow up in atipic presentation of extragonadal germ cell tumour

Los tumores primarios de origen extragonadal son raros, con menos de 1.000 casos descritos en la literatura. Aunque la incidencia de los TGE (tumores germinales extragonadales) es desconocida, datos clínicos sugieren que constituyen alrededor del 3-5 por ciento de todos los tumores de células germinales. Presentamos un caso clínico de TGE con una presentación clínica atípica. Exponemos nuestra experiencia diagnóstica y terapéutica en este tipo de lesiones (AU)

Primary tumors of extragonadal origin are rare, with fewer than 1000 cases described in the literature. Although the exact incidence of EGTs is unknown, clinical data suggest that roughly 3% to 5% of all germ cell tumors. We expouse a case report of EGT with unusually clinic presentation. We present our diagnostic and terapeutic experience in this injuries (AU)

Metástasis pulmonar solitaria tras prostatectomía radical / Solitary pulmonar metastasis after radical prostatectomy

El carcinoma de próstata es un tumor que cada vez se diagnostica en fases más precoces de su evolución pero que puede presentar un comportamiento caprichoso e impredecible. El tratamiento radical tanto prostatectomía como radioterapia es el tratamiento de elección en paciente con tumores clínicamente localizados, sin embargo el fracaso bioquímico a los 5 años de la cirugía afecta al 20-50 por ciento de estos pacientes, la progresión a partir de los 5 años de tratamiento es un hecho poco frecuente que puede deberse a factores pronósticos poco conocidos de la propia naturaleza biológica del tumor. Presentamos un caso clínico en que tras 10 años del tratamiento radical sin evidenciar progresión bioquímica ni progresión clínica, aparece un nódulo pulmonar solitario junto con discreta elevación de las cifras de PSA (AU)

Prostate carcinoma is diagnosed in carlier phases of its evolution, bat this carcinoma may have an impredictible evolution. Radical treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) is the best treatment in clinical localitathed tumors. The biochemical failure over 5 years from the surgery is 20-50% of the patients the biochemical failure over 10 years from the surgery is a less frequent because of prognostic factors from the biologic nature of the tumor. We report a case with biochemical and clinical failure over 10 years from the surgery (AU)

[Prognosis factors in pT3 renal carcinoma]. / Factores pronóstico en carcinoma renal pT3.

OBJECTIVES: To identify independent predictors of progression and global survival in patients affected by pT3 renal cell carcinoma. To make risk groups by risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 117 patients with pT3 renal cell carcinoma. 88 was M0 and 29 M1. Most frequent clinical feature: asintomatic patients. 80 males (69%) and 37 females (31%). Mean age 59 (24-82). Median follow up 34 months (mean 44 +/- 39 months). RESULTS: Pathological stage (TNM 1997) was pT3a in 52 patients (43.6%), pT3b 63 patients (53.6%) and pT3c 2 patients. HISTOLOGY: clear cell carcinoma 106 patients (90.6%), papillary 5 patients (4.3%) an dchromophobe 4 patients (3.4%). Nuclear grading according Fuhrman's classification: G1 13 patients, G2 45 patients, G3 32 and G4 12 patients. Size > 4 cm (p = 0.005/p = 0.0019), grade 3-4 (p = 0.006/p = 0.0007), N+ (p = 0.034/p = 0.009) and M+ (p = 0.035/p = 0.042) were independent prognosis factors for progression and global survival of the pT3 renal cell carcinoma. Patients M0 with 0 or 1 risk factor have better global survival tanh patients M0 with 3 or 4 risk factors and patients M1. CONCLUSIONS: Size, grade, N+ and M+ were independent prognosis factors for progression and global survival of the pT3 renal cell carcinoma. Tera are no differencies in global survival between patients M0 with 2 or 3 risk factors and patients M1.

Factores pronóstico en carcinoma renal pt3 / Prognosis factors in pt3 renal cell carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Valorar los distintos factores pronóstico en relación con la progresión de la enfermedad y con la supervivencia global. Realización de grupos de riesgo según la agrupación de factores de riesgo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 117 pacientes que presentaban estadio pT3 (TNM 1997) en la pieza de nefrectomía. Ochenta y ocho pacientes no presentaban enfermedad metastásica en el momento del diagnóstico. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue el diagnóstico casual de tumores asintomáticos. Ochenta pacientes fueron varones (69 por ciento) y 37 mujeres (31 por ciento). Edad media 59 años (rango 24-82). Mediana de seguimiento 34 meses (media 44 ñ 39 meses).RESULTADOS: Estadio patológico; pT3a 51 pacientes (43,6 por ciento), pT3b 63 pacientes (53,6 por ciento) y pT3c 3 pacientes. Variantes anatomo-patológicas; carcinoma de células claras (incluyendo variedad sarcomatoide) 106 pacientes (90,6 por ciento), papilar 5 pacientes (4,3 por ciento) y cromófobo 4 pacientes (3,4 por ciento). Siguiendo la clasificación de Fuhrman, 13 pacientes presentaron grado 1, 45 pacientes grado 2, 32 pacientes grado 3 y 12 pacientes grado 4. El tamaño, el grado, la afectación ganglionar, y las metástasis se mantuvieron como factores independientes en la progresión en la supervivencia global de los pacientes pT3. Los pacientes no metastásicos con ningún o un factor de mal pronóstico presentan mayor supervivencia global que los pacientes con dos o tres factores pronóstico y que los pacientes metastásicos. CONCLUSIONES: El tamaño, la diferenciación celular, el estadio, la afectación ganglionar y la presencia de metástasis son factores influyentes independientes en la aparición de recidivas y en la supervivencia global de los pacientes pT3.El sub-estadio patológico no es factor independiente de progresión de la enfermedad en el estudio multivariado ni influye en la supervivencia global de estos pacientes. Los pacientes estadio pT3 con dos o tres factores de riesgo no presentan diferencias significativas en la supervivencia cuando se comparan con los pacientes metastásicos (AU)

[Usefulness of PET in the diagnosis and response to treatment of extragonadal germinal tumor with atypical presentation]. / Utilidad del PET en el diagnóstico y respuesta al tratamiento en un tumor germinal extragonadal de presentación atípica.

Primary tumors of extragonadal origin are rare, with fewer than 1000 cases described in the literature. Although the exact incidence of EGTs is unknown, clinical data suggest that roughly 3% to 5% of all germ cell tumors. We expose a case report of EGT with unusually clinic presentation. We present our diagnostic and therapeutic experience in this injuries.

[Clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of renal carcinoma]. / Clínica, diagnóstico y pronóstico del carcinoma renal.

Significant conceptual changes have taken place in renal tumoral diseases over the last few years. As a result of the authors' broad institutional experience, this overall revision describes the most up-to-date clinical and diagnostic aspects of this condition. Emphasis is made on molecular staging and two variables that guide the prognosis of the disease, a decisive feature to establish treatment and to contribute to change current survival rates.

[Treatment of renal carcinoma]. / Tratamiento del carcinoma renal.

The standard therapy for renal carcinoma is radical surgery. When dealing with single, under 4 cm tumors and in the case of renal tumors in single-kidney patients, the choice therapy is nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. Response rates in metastatic renal carcinoma using the various immune therapy approaches available range from 15 to 35%, responses being short-lasting.